In one brightly lit treatment room at a private hospital in Istanbul, doctor Erdal Dilekci makes dozens of small, quick incisions on a patient's back as part of a centuries-old therapy known as wet cupping.
The patient, 26-year-old nurse Furkan Ali Sayan, lies quietly as the doctor then places eight suction cups designed to draw out toxins and ease his neck and back pain.
Over the next 15 minutes, the cups slowly fill with blood.
"I don't feel much yet, but I expect the benefits to come in the next few days," said Furkan, having his first session.
Known in Turkey as hacamat, wet cupping and other traditional treatments such as leech therapy are increasingly moving to mainstream clinics as a complement to modern medicine and away from informal settings where infection risks are higher.
Encouraged by legislative changes a decade ago, now 66 of Turkey's 81 provinces have certified medical doctors performing traditional methods in hospitals, the health ministry says.
Dilekci, a specialist in physical medicine and rehabilitation, is among the hundreds of Turkish physicians integrating traditional and complementary medicine.
"We use around 15 different methods, including ozone therapy, prolotherapy, acupuncture, and leech therapy," he said at the Medicana International Hospital.
"They are regulated by the Health Ministry and taught under official certification programmes."
He emphasised that such treatments are not alternatives to modern medicine, but often used in combination, especially for chronic conditions like fibromyalgia, migraines, and joint pain.
The procedures are tailored to each patient, based on toxin load, medication history, and response to previous sessions.
Cupping therapy, in particular, is timed with lunar cycles to enhances its effectiveness.
"We prefer the week after the full moon. Scientific studies have shown the moon's gravitational pull can support its effectiveness," the doctor said.
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